Charging Club Car batteries, whether for your golf cart or utility vehicle, is crucial for optimal performance and longevity. This comprehensive guide dives into everything you need to know, from selecting the right charger to troubleshooting common issues. We’ll explore different charging methods, safety precautions, and maintenance tips to ensure your Club Car runs smoothly and reliably for years to come.
Get ready to unlock the secrets to a happy, healthy, and powerful Club Car battery!
Understanding the nuances of charging Club Car batteries can significantly impact their lifespan and overall performance. From trickle charging to fast charging, various methods cater to different needs and battery types. Proper charging techniques, as Artikeld in this guide, are essential to prevent damage and maximize the battery’s potential. We’ll also cover crucial safety measures to ensure a worry-free charging experience.
Introduction to Charging Club Car Batteries
Club Car batteries power a wide range of vehicles, from zippy golf carts to rugged utility vehicles. Proper charging is crucial for these batteries to maintain optimal performance and longevity, ensuring years of reliable operation. This guide explores different battery systems and charging methods, providing insights into maximizing the lifespan of your Club Car battery.Understanding the various Club Car battery systems is essential for selecting the right charging approach.
From the smaller, more compact batteries in golf carts to the heavier-duty ones in utility vehicles, each has specific requirements. The nuances in design and amperage capacity will be discussed later. Knowing these differences will significantly impact the charging strategy.
Different Club Car Battery Systems
Club Car offers various battery configurations tailored to different applications. Golf cart batteries, often smaller and lighter, are designed for shorter use periods and lower amperage demands. Conversely, utility vehicle batteries are larger and more powerful to accommodate the higher energy requirements of heavier loads and extended operation. The charging methods must align with the specific battery type to prevent damage or premature wear.
Battery Charging Methods
Various methods exist for charging Club Car batteries, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Understanding these differences is key to maintaining peak performance and maximizing battery life.
Charging Method | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|
Manual Charger (with timer) | Simple and cost-effective. Ideal for occasional use. | Can lead to overcharging if not monitored. Less efficient than automatic systems. |
Automatic Battery Charger | Provides precise charging, preventing overcharging and undercharging. Often more efficient. | Higher initial cost. Requires electrical outlet. |
Solar Charger | Environmentally friendly and cost-effective in the long run. Can be useful for occasional charging. | Charging speed is dependent on sunlight intensity and duration. May not be sufficient for heavy-duty use. |
Proper charging is essential to the long-term health of your Club Car battery. Overcharging or undercharging can drastically reduce its lifespan.
Importance of Proper Charging
Consistent and appropriate charging prevents damage and extends the life of your Club Car battery. Regular maintenance is key to ensuring your battery delivers consistent power and avoids premature failure. A well-maintained battery contributes to a smooth and reliable operation of your golf cart or utility vehicle.
Comparison of Charging Methods
The table above highlights the comparative advantages and disadvantages of each method. Consider your specific needs and usage patterns when choosing the most suitable charging solution for your Club Car battery. For instance, if you use your golf cart frequently, an automatic charger might be a better investment to ensure consistent charging and prevent premature wear.
Battery Charging Methods
Keeping your Club Car battery in tip-top shape is crucial for reliable operation. Proper charging is key to maximizing battery life and performance. Different charging methods offer varying degrees of efficiency and safety, so understanding their nuances is essential for optimal battery health.Understanding the specifics of each method helps you choose the best approach for your particular Club Car battery and charging needs.
Knowing the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, along with essential safety precautions, ensures you’re equipped to handle battery charging with confidence.
Trickle Charging
Trickle charging is a slow, steady process, delivering a small, consistent current to the battery. This method is ideal for maintaining a charged state when the battery isn’t in heavy use. It’s gentle on the battery, extending its lifespan by preventing overcharging and deep discharges. However, it takes longer to fully charge a discharged battery compared to faster methods.
This is particularly important for Club Car batteries, which often experience periods of infrequent use.
Fast Charging
Fast charging delivers a higher current to the battery, significantly reducing the charging time. It’s beneficial for quickly restoring a depleted battery, but it can potentially stress the battery if not used properly. The higher current can generate more heat, which can be a concern for Club Car batteries, especially in high-temperature environments. Overcharging, while less likely than with some other methods, remains a potential risk with fast charging.
Smart Chargers
Smart chargers are advanced units that automatically adjust the charging parameters based on the battery’s condition and charging status. They provide optimal charging, minimizing the risk of overcharging or damage. They are particularly useful for Club Car batteries, which often undergo varied charging cycles. This ensures the battery receives the precise amount of charge it needs, preventing damage and extending its lifespan.
The sophistication of smart chargers often comes at a higher cost.
Safety Precautions
Proper safety precautions are crucial during battery charging. Always ensure the charging area is well-ventilated. Never charge a battery in a confined or enclosed space, as this can lead to the buildup of potentially hazardous gases. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety glasses and gloves. Be mindful of the battery’s temperature; avoid charging in extreme heat or cold.
Always disconnect the charger before handling the battery terminals.
Recommended Charging Equipment
| Battery Type | Charger Recommendation ||—|—|| 12V Club Car golf cart battery | Smart charger with temperature compensation and automatic shut-off || 6V Club Car golf cart battery | Trickle charger with low-voltage cutoff || 24V Club Car golf cart battery | Smart charger with surge protection || AGM Club Car golf cart battery | Smart charger designed for AGM batteries, emphasizing careful monitoring of charge levels |The table above provides examples of charging equipment suited for various Club Car battery types.
Choosing the right equipment based on the battery’s type and intended use is crucial for optimal charging performance and safety.
Charging Equipment and Accessories

Choosing the right charger is crucial for maintaining your Club Car battery’s health and longevity. Proper charging prevents damage and ensures optimal performance, extending the life of your golf cart. Different chargers cater to various battery types and capacities, ensuring a perfect match for your specific vehicle.
Types of Battery Chargers
Various charger types cater to Club Car battery needs. Some common types include: automatic chargers, which regulate charging automatically; float chargers, which maintain a constant charge; and trickle chargers, which provide a low, continuous charge. Each type is designed for specific situations, from maintaining a battery to fully recharging it.
Selecting the Right Charger
The amperage rating of the charger is a key consideration. A higher amperage allows for faster charging, but a lower amperage is suitable for maintenance charging. Match the charger’s amperage to your battery’s capacity. Consult your Club Car battery’s specifications to determine the optimal amperage for safe and effective charging. Overcharging can damage the battery.
Essential Charging Accessories
Essential accessories enhance charging efficiency and safety. These include clamps, cables, and a sturdy charging stand. These accessories are crucial for securing the charger and the battery during the charging process. Appropriate clamps and cables prevent damage to both the charger and the battery terminals. A stable charging stand ensures the charger remains secure and prevents accidental movement.
Amperage Ratings and Suitability
Different amperage ratings suit various battery types. A 10-amp charger is ideal for maintenance charging, while a 20-amp charger is suitable for faster recharging. For larger battery packs, higher amperage chargers (e.g., 30 amps or higher) might be necessary to achieve a faster charge time. Consider the battery’s capacity and the desired charging speed when selecting an amperage rating.
For example, a smaller battery may only require a 10-amp charger, while a larger battery might need a 20-amp or 30-amp charger for faster recharging.
Charger Brand Comparison
The table below compares popular charger brands, highlighting their key features:
Brand | Key Features | Pros | Cons |
---|---|---|---|
Brand A | Automatic shut-off, advanced temperature control | Safe, reliable, extends battery life | Slightly higher price |
Brand B | Simple design, affordable price | Budget-friendly | May not offer advanced features |
Brand C | Durable construction, long warranty | Reliable, long-lasting | Slightly higher price than Brand B |
Choosing the right charging equipment ensures the longevity and optimal performance of your Club Car battery. Always prioritize safety and follow the manufacturer’s instructions for best results.
Charging Procedures and Maintenance
Keeping your Club Car battery in tip-top shape is crucial for its longevity and reliable performance. Proper charging procedures and consistent maintenance are key to maximizing its lifespan and preventing costly repairs. Following these guidelines will ensure your battery provides years of dependable service.Understanding the specific charging needs of your battery chemistry is essential. Different types of batteries, like lead-acid, require unique approaches.
Ignoring these distinctions can lead to premature battery failure or damage. This section will cover the fundamental steps for charging, connecting, and disconnecting the charger, and importantly, how to maintain your battery during these cycles for optimal performance.
Connecting and Disconnecting the Charger
Safe handling of the charger is paramount. Always ensure the charger is disconnected from the power source before connecting or disconnecting the battery. This prevents accidental shocks or damage. Improper disconnection can lead to substantial damage to the equipment or the user.
- Locate the battery terminals and charger connectors. Visual inspection will help ensure that the correct connections are made.
- Carefully connect the charger positive (+) lead to the positive terminal of the battery, and the negative (-) lead to the negative terminal. This connection ensures a complete circuit.
- Once connected, verify the connections to avoid any mishaps. A simple visual check will save significant issues later.
- Disconnect the charger by reversing the above steps. Begin by disconnecting the negative lead, then the positive lead, ensuring all connections are released.
- Always store the charger in a safe and secure location when not in use.
Safe Charging Procedures
Following safe charging procedures is essential to prevent damage to the battery and ensure its longevity.
- Ensure the charging environment is well-ventilated. Proper ventilation prevents overheating and potential hazards. Avoid charging in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces.
- Use the appropriate charger for your battery type. Using an incompatible charger can damage the battery or charger.
- Monitor the charging process closely. Overcharging can lead to significant issues and should be avoided.
- Avoid exposing the battery to extreme temperatures. High temperatures can lead to premature degradation, while low temperatures can hinder the charging process.
Regular Battery Maintenance
Regular maintenance during charging cycles is crucial for maximizing battery life.
- Inspect the battery terminals for corrosion regularly. Corrosion can hinder proper charging and should be addressed promptly.
- Clean the battery terminals with a terminal cleaner to maintain conductivity and prevent corrosion.
- Check the electrolyte level periodically. Ensure the electrolyte level is sufficient for optimal charging. If needed, replenish with distilled water.
- Use battery-specific lubricants or preservatives, especially in harsh climates or conditions that could accelerate corrosion.
Troubleshooting Charging Issues
Troubleshooting common charging problems is essential for swift resolution.
- Verify that the charger is correctly plugged in and switched on.
- Inspect the battery terminals for any loose connections. Tightening connections may resolve the issue.
- Check for any signs of corrosion on the battery terminals or charger connections. Clean any corrosion with a specialized cleaner.
- If the problem persists, consult a qualified technician. Professional advice can identify underlying issues.
Charging Procedures for Different Battery Chemistries
This table Artikels recommended charging procedures for various battery chemistries, emphasizing the crucial need to use the appropriate charging method for each type.
Battery Chemistry | Charging Procedure |
---|---|
Lead-Acid | Use a constant-voltage or constant-current charger, following the manufacturer’s instructions. |
Lithium-ion | Use a dedicated lithium-ion battery charger, and strictly adhere to the manufacturer’s instructions to avoid damage. |
Troubleshooting and Common Problems
Keeping your Club Car battery happy and healthy involves more than just plugging it in. Understanding potential issues and how to diagnose them is key to maintaining optimal performance and extending the lifespan of your battery. This section dives into common problems and provides practical solutions.Diagnosing charging problems often involves a systematic approach. A multimeter is your best friend in this process.
Knowing how to use it effectively is critical for pinpointing the root cause.
Identifying Potential Charging Problems
Club Car batteries, like any other, can face various charging issues. These range from slow charging to complete failure, and understanding the symptoms is crucial for effective troubleshooting. Signs of trouble may include a battery that won’t hold a charge, slow charging times, or a battery that seems to be overcharging. A thorough examination and a methodical diagnostic process are necessary to determine the exact cause.
Reasons for Slow or Incomplete Charging
Several factors can contribute to slow or incomplete charging. A faulty charger is a common culprit. Inspecting the charger’s connections and ensuring the charger is compatible with your battery type is important. A weak or failing battery, also a frequent problem, might need replacement. Internal corrosion or sulfation within the battery can impede the charging process, making it critical to identify these conditions.
Environmental factors like extreme temperatures can also negatively impact charging rates.
Diagnosing Charging Issues with a Multimeter
A multimeter is a valuable tool for diagnosing charging issues. It allows you to measure voltage and current, providing critical data for troubleshooting. Using a multimeter, you can check the battery voltage during charging to see if it’s within the expected range. This is a critical step to pinpoint the exact problem. Measuring the current flow between the charger and the battery is essential for detecting issues in the charging circuit.
Addressing Battery Sulfation and Other Issues
Battery sulfation is a common problem that can occur when a battery is not properly charged or discharged. This process can lead to reduced capacity and overall battery performance. To mitigate sulfation, ensure proper charging and discharging procedures are followed. A battery desulfation process can sometimes be necessary. Other charging-related issues, like loose connections or faulty charging components, must be addressed for optimal battery performance.
Common Charging Problems and Solutions
Problem | Possible Cause | Solution |
---|---|---|
Slow Charging | Faulty charger, weak battery, high internal resistance, incorrect charging current | Inspect charger, test battery, check connections, use appropriate charger for battery type. |
Incomplete Charging | Faulty charger, damaged battery terminals, low battery acid levels, high temperature | Replace charger, clean terminals, add distilled water, check and control charging environment |
Battery Overheating | Overcharging, high ambient temperature, faulty charger | Reduce charging time, ensure adequate ventilation, inspect charger |
No Charging | Faulty charger, bad battery connections, internal battery damage | Replace charger, clean terminals, test battery, consult a professional if necessary. |
Safety Considerations
Properly charging Club Car batteries is crucial, not just for performance but for your safety. Neglecting safety precautions can lead to serious consequences. Understanding the risks and following the guidelines below will ensure a safe and efficient charging process.Charging batteries involves handling potentially hazardous materials. Failure to adhere to safety procedures can result in accidents ranging from minor burns to more severe injuries.
This section emphasizes the importance of taking necessary precautions to mitigate these risks.
Battery Charger Safety
Safe operation of battery chargers requires careful consideration. Improper handling can lead to electric shock, fire, or other hazards. Always inspect the charger for any damage before use. Never use a charger that shows signs of malfunction or damage. This includes cracked casings, frayed cords, or loose connections.
- Charger Inspection: Regularly inspect the charger for damage, ensuring the cord is undamaged and the casing is intact. Never use a charger with a faulty power cord, as it could lead to electrical hazards.
- Proper Grounding: Ensure the charger is properly grounded to prevent electrical shock. Use a grounded outlet and verify the grounding connection to prevent electrical hazards. Grounding prevents dangerous electrical currents from flowing through your body.
- Overcharging Prevention: Many chargers have features to prevent overcharging, which can damage the battery. Always consult the charger’s manual for specific instructions on preventing overcharging.
- Supervision: Never leave a connected charger unattended, especially if children or pets are present. Constant supervision is crucial to avoid accidental damage or injury. Always keep a watchful eye on the charging process.
Battery Safety
Club Car batteries contain strong electrolytes, which can cause chemical burns if mishandled. Proper handling and storage are essential to prevent accidents.
- Ventilation: Adequate ventilation is crucial during charging. Always charge batteries in a well-ventilated area to prevent the buildup of harmful gases. Poor ventilation can lead to the accumulation of dangerous fumes.
- Protective Gear: When working around batteries, always wear appropriate protective gear, including safety glasses, gloves, and a respirator. Protective gear, such as gloves and safety glasses, should always be worn to protect yourself from potential hazards.
- Handling Procedures: Handle batteries carefully to prevent spills or leaks. Use appropriate handling techniques to prevent damage and spills. Avoid dropping or striking batteries, which can lead to leaks and potential injuries.
- Storage Procedures: Store batteries in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. Always store batteries away from flammable materials to prevent fire hazards. Improper storage can compromise battery longevity and safety.
Troubleshooting, Charging club car batteries
If you encounter problems during charging, consult the charger and battery manuals for troubleshooting guidance. Documenting the specific issues and their solutions can help prevent future problems.
- Charger Malfunction: If the charger malfunctions, immediately disconnect it from the power source and contact a qualified technician for repair. Disconnect the charger immediately to avoid further issues.
- Battery Issues: If the battery exhibits unusual behavior during charging, like excessive heat or unusual gas buildup, immediately disconnect the charger and consult a battery specialist. Immediate action is crucial to prevent further damage or accidents.
Emergency Procedures
In case of an accident or spill involving batteries or chargers, follow these emergency procedures:
- Spill Response: If a battery spill occurs, immediately neutralize the spill with a suitable neutralizing agent. Use the appropriate safety procedures to handle any spill effectively.
- First Aid: If any person experiences skin or eye contact with battery acid, immediately flush the affected area with plenty of water. Seek immediate medical attention.
Charging Tips and Tricks

Keeping your Club Car battery in tip-top shape is crucial for its longevity and reliable performance. These tips and tricks will empower you to maximize its lifespan and optimize charging efficiency, ensuring years of enjoyable golf cart rides.Proper charging techniques go beyond simply plugging in the charger. Understanding the nuances of charging, including temperature considerations and battery management, will significantly extend the life of your investment.
This guide will illuminate the path to achieving optimal battery health and performance.
Maximizing Battery Lifespan
Proper charging habits are essential for extending the life of your Club Car battery. Consistent, controlled charging, along with regular maintenance, will significantly prolong its useful life.
- Regular Charging: Establish a regular charging schedule. Avoid deep discharges as much as possible. A battery that is frequently discharged and recharged prematurely will degrade quicker. Regular top-offs, even if the battery appears fully charged, are better than infrequent deep discharges.
- Temperature Management: Extreme temperatures can affect battery performance. Store and charge your battery in a cool, dry environment. Avoid charging in freezing temperatures or scorching heat.
- Deep Discharge Avoidance: Minimize deep discharges. If your battery needs a complete charge frequently, evaluate your usage patterns. Reducing the time the battery is depleted can significantly extend its life.
- Clean Terminals: Clean battery terminals regularly to ensure optimal electrical contact. Corrosion can hinder charging and reduce battery life. Regular cleaning will help prevent this.
Optimizing Charging Efficiency
Efficient charging practices will help prevent unnecessary wear and tear on your battery. Employing the right techniques can significantly extend its life and improve its overall performance.
- Matching Charger to Battery: Use a charger specifically designed for your Club Car battery type. Using the wrong charger can lead to damage or inefficient charging.
- Monitoring Charging Process: Continuously monitor the charging process. Pay attention to the charging rate and ensure the charger is working as expected. If the charging rate seems abnormal, discontinue use and consult a professional.
- Avoid Overcharging: Prevent overcharging. Overcharging can damage the battery. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions regarding charging time and duration.
- Charging in Ideal Conditions: Maintain a cool and dry environment during charging. Avoid charging in excessively hot or cold conditions.
Choosing the Best Charging Time
The optimal charging time depends on several factors. Proper assessment of the battery’s condition and environmental circumstances is essential for determining the best charging time.
- Battery Condition Assessment: Evaluate the current state of the battery. A battery that has been deeply discharged will require a longer charging time than a battery that has only been lightly discharged.
- Charger Specifications: Consult the charger’s specifications for the recommended charging time. Different chargers have different charging rates and capabilities.
- Ambient Temperature: The ambient temperature significantly impacts the charging time. Charging in cold temperatures may extend the charging time. Adjust the charging time accordingly based on temperature variations.
- Charging Method: Different charging methods have varying optimal charging times. Consult your Club Car battery manual for specific instructions regarding the optimal charging time for your battery type.
Temperature’s Role in Battery Charging
Temperature plays a crucial role in the battery charging process. Understanding its impact is vital for achieving optimal charging performance and extending battery life.
- Temperature Impact on Charging Rate: High temperatures can reduce the charging rate, whereas low temperatures can impede the charging process. Adjust charging times accordingly.
- Optimal Charging Temperatures: Maintain a moderate temperature range for charging to ensure optimal performance and prevent damage.
- Storage Temperature: Store your battery in a temperature-controlled environment. Extreme temperatures can shorten the battery’s lifespan.
Battery Management System Benefits
A battery management system (BMS) can significantly enhance battery performance and longevity. It provides a sophisticated approach to battery management.
- Enhanced Safety: BMS systems enhance safety by preventing overcharging and deep discharges.
- Optimized Charging: BMS systems optimize charging efficiency by monitoring and regulating the charging process.
- Prolonged Lifespan: By managing charging and discharging, a BMS extends the lifespan of your battery.
- Data Analysis: BMS systems can provide data about battery health and performance.
Advanced Charging Strategies

Unlocking the full potential of your Club Car battery involves more than just plugging it in. Advanced charging strategies are crucial for maximizing battery lifespan and performance. These techniques go beyond basic charging, optimizing the process for peak efficiency and longevity.Smart charging systems offer a significant advantage over traditional methods. They intelligently monitor the battery’s state of charge, temperature, and other vital parameters to adjust the charging process dynamically.
This proactive approach minimizes the risk of overcharging or undercharging, which can lead to premature battery failure.
Smart Charging Systems
Smart charging systems are designed to provide the optimal charge for your Club Car battery. They continuously monitor battery conditions, preventing overcharging, which can damage the battery, and ensuring a complete charge without unnecessary time spent. This intelligent approach significantly extends the lifespan of your battery.
Battery Monitoring Systems
Battery monitoring systems play a critical role in optimizing charging strategies. These systems track key battery parameters like voltage, temperature, and internal resistance, providing real-time data to the charging system. This data allows for precise charging profiles, tailoring the charging process to the battery’s specific needs. This data-driven approach is invaluable for maximizing battery health and performance.
Advanced Charging Techniques for Specific Battery Types
Different battery chemistries require specific charging techniques. For example, Lithium-ion batteries benefit from constant-current, constant-voltage (CCCV) charging protocols, which deliver a consistent current until the voltage reaches a predetermined level. This precise approach is essential to prevent damage from overcharging or undercharging. Understanding the nuances of each battery type is crucial for achieving optimal charging.
Comparison of Smart Charging Technologies
Various smart charging technologies exist, each with its own strengths and weaknesses. Pulse charging, for example, uses short bursts of high current to quickly replenish the battery. This method is often favored for applications requiring fast charging, while constant-current constant-voltage (CCCV) charging is typically preferred for longer charging durations. The choice of technology depends on the specific application and the type of battery.
Customizing Charging Profiles
Optimizing charging profiles for various usage patterns is vital. For golf carts frequently used for long journeys, a high-capacity charging profile might be ideal. Conversely, for vehicles used for shorter trips, a more efficient charging profile might be preferable. Customizing charging profiles allows for precise adaptation to different battery usage patterns, leading to optimal performance and extended battery life.
Tailoring the charging process to specific usage patterns is a crucial component of effective battery management.
Illustrations and Visual Aids
Unlocking the secrets of Club Car battery charging is easier than you think, especially when you have clear visuals to guide you. Visual aids are your trusty companions, providing a clear roadmap for successful charging and maintenance. They demystify the process, making it intuitive and accessible to everyone.Visual aids, from simple diagrams to detailed illustrations, empower you to confidently tackle battery charging, ensuring optimal performance and longevity.
Whether you’re a seasoned Club Car owner or a newcomer to the world of battery care, these visuals provide a valuable reference.
Different Charging Methods
Visual representations of various charging methods, such as trickle charging, bulk charging, and float charging, offer a clear understanding of each stage. These illustrations, likely including graphs and timelines, will show the different phases and how long each stage should last. They will be crucial for selecting the appropriate charging method based on the battery’s condition and the charger’s capabilities.
Charger Appearance and Functionality
Illustrations showcasing different types of battery chargers, including their various connectors and controls, are indispensable. These visuals will help you identify the correct charger for your specific Club Car model. Key features like amperage ratings, voltage displays, and safety mechanisms will be highlighted in the illustrations.
Visual Cues for Diagnosing Charging Issues
Visual aids can help you diagnose charging problems by providing clear indicators of potential issues. Illustrations showcasing unusual charging behaviors, such as fluctuating voltage readings or unusual noises, will guide you in identifying the root cause of the problem. These could include graphs showing voltage fluctuations over time, or images of a faulty charger with incorrect connections.
Battery Internal Components and Charging Process
Detailed diagrams depicting the internal components of a battery, along with the flow of current during charging, will provide a comprehensive understanding of the charging process. These illustrations will demonstrate how current flows through the battery’s chemical components, highlighting the importance of proper connections and safety precautions.
Importance of Battery Terminal Cleanliness
Visual aids highlighting the importance of clean battery terminals are crucial for optimal charging. Illustrations showing the condition of clean and dirty terminals will visually demonstrate the impact of cleanliness on the charging process. Clean terminals ensure proper electrical contact, maximizing the efficiency of the charging process and minimizing the risk of corrosion. A diagram or close-up image comparing a clean terminal with a corroded one will make this point clear.