Red-Footed Tortoise Diet Sheet PDF

June 6, 2025September 16, 2024 by Roth

Red-footed tortoise diet sheet pdf: Uncover the secrets to crafting a nutritious and balanced diet for these captivating reptiles. This guide provides a comprehensive roadmap, from essential food items to crucial supplements, and everything in between. Learn how to create a tailored diet sheet for your red-footed tortoise, ensuring its optimal health and well-being throughout its life.

This comprehensive resource details the specifics of a red-footed tortoise’s dietary requirements, highlighting the crucial role of a balanced diet in their overall health. It breaks down the essential food groups, ideal proportions, and nutritional values of various foods. We’ll also delve into supplement considerations, feeding schedules, and a critical examination of foods to avoid, ensuring your tortoise thrives.

Furthermore, the document addresses dietary restrictions across different life stages, emphasizing the importance of adapting their diet as they grow.

Table of Contents

Tortoise Diet Overview

Red-footed tortoises, with their captivating charm and gentle nature, thrive on a well-balanced diet. Understanding their dietary needs is crucial for their health and longevity. A carefully curated diet ensures optimal growth, strong shells, and a vibrant overall well-being. Providing them with the right foods, in the correct proportions, contributes significantly to their happiness and overall health.A balanced diet is paramount for red-footed tortoises, as it directly impacts their physical and mental well-being.

Just like humans, these gentle giants require a variety of nutrients to stay healthy. A lack of specific nutrients can lead to deficiencies, affecting their shell development, digestive health, and immune function. Therefore, understanding the essential components of their diet is vital for responsible ownership.

Essential Food Groups

A comprehensive diet for red-footed tortoises includes a variety of food groups, each contributing unique nutritional benefits. The foundation of their diet should primarily consist of leafy greens and vegetables. This diverse selection of plants ensures a supply of essential vitamins and minerals crucial for their well-being.

Leafy Greens and Vegetables: These form the cornerstone of a red-footed tortoise’s diet. Dark leafy greens, such as dandelion greens, kale, and mustard greens, provide essential vitamins and minerals. Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli and cauliflower are also beneficial. Remember to offer these in moderation, as some can cause digestive upset if consumed in excessive quantities.
Fruits: Fruits should be offered sparingly as a supplemental treat. Berries, such as strawberries and blueberries, offer natural sugars and antioxidants. Fruits should be limited to approximately 10% of their daily diet. Overfeeding fruits can lead to digestive issues.
Hay: Hay, such as Timothy hay or orchard grass, provides essential fiber for digestion. Fiber aids in gut health and prevents digestive problems. It is an essential part of a tortoise’s diet, promoting proper gut function.
Commercial Tortoise Food: Commercial tortoise food can be a convenient supplement to a healthy diet. These foods are formulated with the specific nutritional requirements of tortoises in mind. Select a high-quality product, checking labels for appropriate ingredients and nutritional content.

Proportions and Nutritional Value

The appropriate proportions of each food group are crucial for a balanced diet. Leafy greens and vegetables should constitute the largest portion of the diet, typically 70-80%. Hay should make up a significant portion, about 15-20%, providing essential fiber. Fruits should be offered in smaller amounts, approximately 5-10% of the diet. Commercial tortoise food can supplement the diet, providing specific nutrients in controlled amounts.

Food Group	Approximate Percentage	Nutritional Benefits
Leafy Greens/Vegetables	70-80%	Vitamins, minerals, fiber
Hay	15-20%	Fiber, gut health
Fruits	5-10%	Natural sugars, antioxidants
Commercial Tortoise Food	Remaining	Specific nutrients

Risks of an Unbalanced Diet

An unbalanced diet can lead to several health issues in red-footed tortoises. Inadequate fiber can cause digestive problems, while insufficient vitamins and minerals can lead to skeletal abnormalities and weakened immune systems. Overfeeding fruits can cause digestive upsets and weight gain. Monitoring your tortoise’s weight and observing its behavior is essential for ensuring a balanced diet. Feeding a variety of foods, in the appropriate proportions, minimizes these risks.

A balanced diet is crucial for maintaining their overall health and well-being.

Essential Food Items

Red-footed tortoises, these fascinating creatures, thrive on a carefully curated diet primarily consisting of plant matter. Understanding their dietary needs is crucial for their well-being and longevity in captivity or the wild. A balanced diet, mimicking their natural environment, is key to their health and happiness.A proper diet provides the essential nutrients for a tortoise’s shell development, muscle strength, and overall vitality.

Their digestive systems are specifically adapted to process plant-based foods, and offering a varied and nutritious diet is essential for their optimal health.

Primary Food Sources

Red-footed tortoises are herbivores, meaning their primary food sources are plants. Their natural diet consists of a variety of grasses, herbs, leaves, flowers, and fruits. This diversity is vital for ensuring a balanced intake of nutrients. This natural inclination toward plant-based foods should be reflected in their diet in captivity.

Suitable Plant-Based Foods

A diverse range of plant-based foods is vital for a healthy red-footed tortoise. The following list offers a variety of options, each contributing unique nutritional benefits.

Leafy Greens: Leafy greens like dandelion greens, collard greens, and mustard greens are excellent sources of vitamins and minerals. These offer a significant boost to their nutritional intake.
Grasses: Grasses are a natural component of their diet, offering fiber and essential nutrients. Providing a variety of grasses mimics their natural environment and supports their digestive health.
Flowers: Flowers like hibiscus and calendula provide vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, enhancing the nutritional profile of their diet.
Fruits: Fruits like berries and melons can be offered in moderation, providing vitamins and natural sugars. These are a delightful treat but should be used sparingly, as they are higher in sugar than other food items.
Herbs: Herbs like parsley, mint, and basil add flavor and nutritional value. These herbs provide a natural source of vitamins and minerals.
Vegetables: Vegetables such as carrots, sweet potatoes, and zucchini offer a wide range of vitamins and minerals. Offering a variety of vegetables ensures a comprehensive nutrient intake.

Nutritional Benefits of Each Food Item

Each food item contributes specific nutrients to the tortoise’s diet. A balanced intake ensures optimal health. The nutritional profile of each food item plays a critical role in maintaining the tortoise’s well-being.

Leafy Greens: Excellent source of vitamins A, C, and K, along with essential minerals like calcium and iron. These vitamins are essential for maintaining healthy skin and boosting immunity.
Grasses: Provide essential fiber for digestive health, promoting healthy gut function. Fiber aids in digestion and prevents digestive issues.
Flowers: Offer antioxidants and vitamins, supporting overall health and immune function. These antioxidants help protect cells from damage.
Fruits: Contain vitamins, minerals, and natural sugars. Moderation is key to avoid digestive issues.
Herbs: Enhance the flavor and nutritional value of the diet. These herbs contribute valuable vitamins and minerals to the diet.
Vegetables: Provide essential vitamins, minerals, and fiber. Vegetables play a crucial role in providing a comprehensive range of nutrients.

Preparation Methods

Proper preparation of food items is vital for optimal digestion and nutritional absorption. This is important for the tortoise’s overall well-being.

Washing: Wash all vegetables and fruits thoroughly to remove any dirt or pesticides. Thorough washing is essential to ensure food safety and prevent health issues.
Cutting: Cut vegetables and fruits into small, manageable pieces to prevent choking hazards. Smaller pieces are easier for the tortoise to eat.
Storage: Store prepared food items in airtight containers in the refrigerator to maintain freshness and prevent spoilage. Proper storage maintains the quality of the food.

Comparative Nutritional Content of Vegetables

The table below highlights the nutritional content of common vegetables, aiding in dietary planning.

Vegetable	Vitamin A (mcg)	Vitamin C (mg)	Calcium (mg)	Fiber (g)
Carrots	800	5	45	2.8
Spinach	1000	20	100	2.9
Zucchini	200	5	20	1.3
Sweet Potatoes	400	10	30	3.1

Supplement Considerations: Red-footed Tortoise Diet Sheet Pdf

Giving your red-footed tortoise the best possible nutrition involves more than just offering a balanced diet. Just like humans, tortoises can benefit from a little extra support, and supplements are a valuable tool in achieving this. Think of them as nutritional insurance, ensuring your tortoise receives all the essential elements for optimal health and well-being.Understanding the role of supplements is crucial for responsible tortoise care.

They aren’t a replacement for a healthy diet, but rather a way to bridge any nutritional gaps and support overall health. Supplementing appropriately can significantly improve a tortoise’s immune system, bolster their bone density, and promote healthy shell growth.

Supplement Roles

Supplements provide crucial micronutrients, vitamins, and minerals that may be missing or present in insufficient amounts in their regular diet. This is particularly important for tortoises raised in captivity, where the nutritional content of available vegetation can vary. Supplementing can help address this.

When to Use Supplements

Supplementing your tortoise’s diet is often recommended during specific life stages. For instance, growing tortoises require more calcium and vitamin D3 for strong shell development. Pregnant or nursing tortoises also have elevated nutritional needs. Additionally, tortoises with existing health conditions might benefit from targeted supplementation. Finally, a veterinarian can provide guidance on specific situations requiring supplementation.

Recommended Supplements, Red-footed tortoise diet sheet pdf

A balanced approach to supplementation is key. Here’s a selection of commonly recommended supplements and their functions:

Calcium Carbonate: Crucial for strong, healthy shells and bones. It aids in proper calcium absorption and helps maintain optimal bone density, especially in growing tortoises.
Vitamin D3: Essential for calcium absorption. Without sufficient Vitamin D3, tortoises may struggle to properly utilize calcium, leading to skeletal problems. Vitamin D3 is often supplied in combination with calcium to ensure optimal absorption.
Multivitamin/Mineral Supplement: Provides a blend of essential vitamins and minerals, ensuring a more comprehensive approach to supplementation. This is especially useful when a tortoise’s diet is lacking in variety or when specific deficiencies are suspected.
Electrolytes (e.g., Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium): Crucial for maintaining hydration and overall bodily functions. Electrolytes help regulate various bodily processes, such as nerve function and muscle contraction. Their need can increase during periods of high activity or heat.

Dosage and Frequency

Dosage guidelines should always be followed carefully. Overdosing can be detrimental to your tortoise’s health. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions meticulously. If unsure, consult a veterinarian to determine the appropriate dosage and frequency for your specific tortoise. Start with a low dose and gradually increase as needed, under veterinary supervision.

Potential Risks of Overfeeding Supplements

Excessive supplementation can lead to various health issues. For example, an overabundance of calcium without adequate vitamin D3 can lead to calcium deposits in organs, like the kidneys. Also, an excess of certain vitamins can be toxic. Always consult a veterinarian to discuss the appropriate supplement regime.

Feeding Schedule and Frequency

A well-structured feeding schedule is crucial for the health and well-being of your red-footed tortoise. It allows you to provide consistent nutrition and monitor their growth and development. A tailored approach, based on the individual tortoise’s age and activity level, ensures optimal nourishment.Red-footed tortoises, like many reptiles, are not constantly hungry. Their digestive systems are specialized for processing food slowly, and overfeeding can lead to health problems.

A thoughtful approach to feeding frequency and quantity is essential for a long and happy life for your pet.

Sample Feeding Schedule

A consistent schedule helps regulate the tortoise’s digestive process and ensures they receive the necessary nutrients. A typical schedule might look like this, but always adjust based on individual needs.

Monday: Fresh greens, such as dandelion greens and clover. A small portion of commercially available tortoise pellets. A calcium supplement in powdered form.
Tuesday: Mixed vegetables like carrots, bell peppers, and zucchini. A small amount of fruit like berries (in moderation). A calcium supplement in powdered form.
Wednesday: A handful of fresh herbs like parsley and mint. A small portion of commercial tortoise pellets. A calcium supplement in powdered form.
Thursday: A small portion of commercial tortoise pellets. A variety of leafy greens like kale and mustard greens. A calcium supplement in powdered form.
Friday: Fresh greens, such as dandelion greens and clover. A small portion of commercially available tortoise pellets. A calcium supplement in powdered form.
Saturday: A small amount of fruit, such as berries (in moderation). Mixed vegetables like carrots, bell peppers, and zucchini. A calcium supplement in powdered form.
Sunday: A small portion of commercial tortoise pellets. A variety of leafy greens like kale and mustard greens. A calcium supplement in powdered form.

Feeding Frequency

The frequency of feeding varies significantly depending on the age and activity level of your tortoise. Young tortoises require more frequent feedings to support rapid growth, while adults can be fed less frequently.

Juveniles (under 2 years): Feed 2-3 times per week. The portion size should be adjusted based on their appetite and size.
Adults (over 2 years): Feed 1-2 times per week, depending on their appetite. Adult tortoises often require smaller portions than juveniles.

Amount of Food

The quantity of food should be tailored to each tortoise’s individual needs. Always observe your tortoise’s appetite and adjust accordingly. A general guideline is to offer an amount of food that your tortoise can consume within 15-30 minutes. Avoid leaving food out for extended periods.

Monitoring Weight and Appetite

Regularly monitoring your tortoise’s weight and appetite is vital for maintaining its health. Weighing your tortoise using a kitchen scale can provide valuable data over time. Note any significant changes in weight or appetite.

Weight Loss: Reduced appetite, lethargy, and changes in weight can indicate an underlying health issue. Consult a veterinarian if you notice these changes.
Weight Gain: Excessive weight gain, coupled with a lack of activity, can signal potential health problems. Adjust the feeding schedule and the amount of food offered to prevent overfeeding.

Signs of Overfeeding and Underfeeding

Observing your tortoise’s behavior can help you determine if it’s receiving the right amount of food.

Overfeeding: Signs include lethargy, digestive issues, such as diarrhea, and weight gain. Reduce the portion size and frequency of feedings.
Underfeeding: Signs include loss of appetite, lethargy, and weight loss. Increase the frequency and portion size of feedings, or consult a veterinarian to rule out any underlying health conditions.

Food to Avoid

A red-footed tortoise’s health hinges on a meticulously crafted diet. While some foods might seem tempting, others can be detrimental to their well-being. Understanding what to avoid is just as crucial as knowing what to feed. This section delves into the dangers of inappropriate foods and Artikels the long-term consequences of feeding your tortoise the wrong things.Knowing whatnot* to feed your red-footed tortoise is as vital as knowing what to feed.

A wrong choice can have serious, long-lasting effects. Let’s explore the foods that should be strictly off-limits.

Harmful and Toxic Foods

Inappropriate foods can lead to digestive distress, nutritional deficiencies, and even life-threatening complications. Understanding the reasons behind these detrimental effects is key to responsible tortoise ownership. This section Artikels specific foods to steer clear of.

Foods to Avoid Completely

A healthy tortoise diet is paramount. To ensure the longevity and well-being of your pet, certain foods should be avoided at all costs.

Chocolate and Cocoa Products: These contain theobromine, a substance toxic to reptiles. Even small amounts can cause significant health problems, ranging from vomiting and diarrhea to tremors and heart issues. Chocolate, in any form, is strictly forbidden.
Salty Foods: Excessive salt intake can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. This is especially critical for tortoises, as their bodies aren’t equipped to process high levels of sodium efficiently.
Processed Meats and Foods: These are typically high in sodium, fat, and preservatives, all of which can be detrimental to a tortoise’s digestive system and overall health. Avoid hot dogs, bacon, and other processed meats. Likewise, packaged snacks are best left out of a tortoise’s diet.
Dairy Products: Tortoises lack the enzymes to digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products. Feeding dairy can cause digestive upset and potentially lead to severe issues like diarrhea.
Citrus Fruits and Vegetables: While some might seem appealing, citrus fruits and vegetables like oranges, lemons, and limes can lead to digestive upset, potentially causing diarrhea and other discomfort. This is due to their high acidity content.
Avocado: This seemingly healthy fruit is unfortunately toxic to tortoises. The substance persin, present in avocado, can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and other digestive issues.

Examples of Potentially Harmful Foods

While the list above provides a definitive list of foods to avoid, some foods might seem harmless but can still be problematic for tortoises.

Certain Fruits and Vegetables (in excess): Some fruits and vegetables, like grapes, onions, and garlic, might be perfectly fine in moderation for humans, but can pose risks to tortoises, potentially leading to kidney problems or other complications.
Over-the-counter medications: Never give your tortoise any medications without consulting a veterinarian specializing in reptiles. Human medications can be very dangerous to them.

Long-Term Effects of Feeding Inappropriate Foods

The consequences of feeding your tortoise inappropriate foods can be severe and long-lasting.

Digestive Issues: A constant diet of unsuitable foods can lead to chronic digestive problems, such as diarrhea, constipation, and vomiting. These can have severe impacts on their overall health and well-being.
Nutritional Deficiencies: Feeding a tortoise foods lacking essential nutrients can cause long-term deficiencies, impacting their growth, immunity, and overall health.
Kidney Damage: Certain foods, particularly those high in salt or certain toxins, can damage the tortoise’s kidneys over time, potentially leading to irreversible health issues.
Organ Failure: In severe cases, chronic ingestion of toxic substances can lead to organ failure. This can be a fatal outcome.

Dietary Restrictions

Red-footed tortoises, with their captivating charm and enduring nature, require a carefully curated diet to thrive throughout their lives. Understanding their unique nutritional needs at each stage is paramount to their overall well-being. This section delves into the specific dietary requirements, highlighting the importance of adapting their meals as they mature.A tortoise’s digestive system and metabolic rate are intricately linked to its age.

Hatchlings, juveniles, and adults each possess different nutritional requirements, making a one-size-fits-all approach to feeding unsuitable. Dietary restrictions are essential to ensure optimal growth, development, and overall health.

Hatchling Dietary Needs

Hatchlings are miniature versions of their adult counterparts, with delicate systems that demand specific attention. Their small size necessitates a finely chopped diet, free from any choking hazards. A diet rich in nutrient-dense leafy greens, tender weeds, and soft fruits is crucial for supporting their rapid growth. Avoid introducing any tough or fibrous foods, as these could cause digestive problems.

Juvenile Dietary Considerations

Juveniles are in a phase of rapid growth and development. Their nutritional requirements increase compared to hatchlings, necessitating a more varied diet. While leafy greens and soft fruits remain important, introducing a greater diversity of vegetables and herbs is essential. Gradually introducing small amounts of harder vegetables and greens is recommended, but always ensure they can be easily digested.

Adult Dietary Management

Adult red-footed tortoises have reached their full size and have a slower metabolic rate. Their nutritional needs stabilize, although a balanced diet is still critical. A consistent diet rich in a variety of leafy greens, vegetables, and fruits, with a smaller portion of harder foods, is recommended. The focus shifts towards maintaining their current health and preventing any potential digestive issues.

Nutritional Comparisons Across Life Stages

Life Stage	Primary Dietary Needs	Key Considerations
Hatchlings	Nutrient-dense, soft, finely chopped foods	Avoid choking hazards, prioritize easily digestible foods
Juveniles	Increased variety, including harder vegetables and herbs	Gradual introduction of tougher foods, monitor digestion
Adults	Balanced diet with a range of foods, including leafy greens, vegetables, and fruits	Maintain consistent feeding schedule, monitor for digestive issues

Foods to Avoid

A well-structured diet requires careful selection of foods. Certain foods can be detrimental to a tortoise’s health, regardless of their life stage. Avoid feeding them processed foods, meat, dairy products, or sugary treats. These items offer no nutritional value and can cause digestive upset or illness.

Importance of Dietary Adjustments

Adjusting the diet as the tortoise matures is crucial for maintaining their overall health. A diet tailored to their specific needs at each stage will prevent digestive issues, support healthy growth and development, and promote a long and happy life. Ignoring these dietary restrictions could lead to long-term health problems, potentially shortening their lifespan.

Creating a Diet Sheet

Crafting a personalized diet sheet for your red-footed tortoise is a crucial step towards ensuring their optimal health and well-being. It’s a roadmap to providing the right nutrients, in the right amounts, at the right times. This tailored approach allows you to track progress and adjust as needed, ensuring your tortoise thrives.This section details how to create a robust and informative diet sheet, providing a practical template and a step-by-step guide to get you started.

This document will serve as your essential resource for maintaining a healthy and happy red-footed tortoise.

Diet Sheet Template

A well-structured diet sheet will help you track what your tortoise eats, how much, and when. This structured approach allows for easy monitoring of dietary intake and adjustment over time.

Food Item	Frequency (Days)	Quantity (grams/pieces)	Nutritional Value (e.g., Calcium, Protein)
Fresh Dandelion Greens	3	20g	Good source of vitamins and minerals
Commercial Tortoise Food Pellets	Daily	10g	Provides essential nutrients
Apple Slices (without core and seeds)	2/week	5g	Source of vitamins and antioxidants
Commercial Tortoise Food Pellets	Daily	10g	Provides essential nutrients
Mixed Greens	3	15g	Good source of vitamins and minerals

Step-by-Step Procedure

Creating a personalized diet sheet is easier than you think. Follow these steps for a seamless process:

Record Current Diet: Carefully document everything your tortoise consumes, including frequency, quantity, and the specific types of food. This baseline is essential for comparison and adjustments.
Consult Tortoise Expert: Discuss your observations with a veterinarian or reptile specialist to ensure the accuracy of the current diet. Their knowledge and expertise are invaluable in tailoring the diet to your tortoise’s specific needs.
Identify Nutritional Needs: Research the nutritional requirements of red-footed tortoises, paying close attention to essential vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Refer to reliable resources for precise data.
Create a Spreadsheet: Use a spreadsheet program or a dedicated diet tracking tool. This allows for easy data input, calculation, and adjustments. A simple spreadsheet can be surprisingly effective.
Implement Changes Gradually: Introduce new foods gradually to prevent digestive upset. Start with small quantities and monitor your tortoise’s response. This will help avoid potential problems.
Regular Monitoring: Continuously monitor your tortoise’s health and adjust the diet as needed. Any changes in appetite, weight, or behavior should trigger a review of the diet sheet.

Structured Diet Sheet Format

This structured format simplifies the process of recording and managing your tortoise’s diet. The organized layout allows for easy review and modification over time.

Food	Quantity	Date	Notes
Dandelion Greens	20g	2024-10-27	Consumed readily
Commercial Tortoise Food Pellets	10g	2024-10-27	Eaten completely

Safety and Hygiene

A healthy tortoise relies on a clean environment and proper feeding practices. Maintaining meticulous hygiene is paramount to preventing illnesses and ensuring a long, happy life for your shelled companion. Just like us, tortoises can get sick if their surroundings aren’t kept clean. Think of it as a way to show your tortoise you care about their well-being.Proper hygiene isn’t just about keeping things sparkly; it’s about creating a fortress against diseases and ensuring your tortoise enjoys a life free from discomfort.

A clean feeding environment translates to a happy, healthy tortoise.

Maintaining Clean Food Containers

Thorough cleaning of food containers is crucial for preventing the buildup of bacteria and other harmful microorganisms. Regular cleaning is essential to keep the tortoise’s food fresh and safe. This prevents the growth of mold, yeast, and potentially harmful bacteria that could make your tortoise unwell. Dirty containers are a breeding ground for nasties that can easily make your tortoise sick.

Wash food containers with hot, soapy water, and rinse thoroughly. Use a scrub brush or sponge to remove any food residue.
Sanitize the containers with a solution of diluted bleach (1 part bleach to 10 parts water) for a more powerful disinfection. Ensure the containers are completely dry before refilling them with food.
Consider using disposable containers for certain foods to simplify the cleaning process and reduce the risk of cross-contamination.

Preventing Food Contamination

Fresh food is essential, but keeping it fresh is crucial for a healthy tortoise. Avoid using old or spoiled food.

Inspect food items for signs of spoilage before feeding them to your tortoise.
Store food properly to maintain its freshness and prevent bacterial growth.
Use airtight containers to prevent insects or other pests from contaminating food.
Discard any food that appears moldy or has an unusual odor. It’s better to be safe than sorry when it comes to your tortoise’s diet.

Sanitizing Feeding Areas

A clean feeding area is a healthy feeding area. It’s not just about the containers, but the whole feeding experience.

Regularly clean and sanitize the feeding area to prevent the accumulation of bacteria and parasites.
Wipe down surfaces with a disinfectant solution after each feeding session. This is a vital step to preventing the spread of diseases.
Remove any uneaten food promptly to avoid attracting pests and promoting bacteria growth. A quick clean-up is a big help!

Disease Prevention

Keeping your tortoise healthy is about preventing disease. Proper hygiene is a cornerstone of preventing illness.

Isolate any sick tortoises to prevent the spread of disease to other animals.
Quarantine new tortoises for a period to monitor for signs of illness before integrating them into the main group. This is a crucial step to avoid spreading diseases to the whole colony.
Practice good hygiene when handling tortoises to avoid transferring germs. Wash your hands thoroughly before and after handling your tortoise.